# Universal functions These functions are equivalent to their NumPy versions, but for xarray objects backed by non-NumPy array types (e.g. `cupy`, `sparse`, or `jax`), they will ensure that the computation is dispatched to the appropriate backend. You can find them in the `xarray.ufuncs` module: | [`ufuncs.abs`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.abs.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.abs) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.abs()`. | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | [`ufuncs.absolute`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.absolute.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.absolute) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.absolute()`. | | [`ufuncs.acos`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.acos.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.acos) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.acos()`. | | [`ufuncs.acosh`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.acosh.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.acosh) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.acosh()`. | | [`ufuncs.arccos`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.arccos.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.arccos) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.arccos()`. | | [`ufuncs.arccosh`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.arccosh.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.arccosh) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.arccosh()`. | | [`ufuncs.arcsin`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.arcsin.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.arcsin) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.arcsin()`. | | [`ufuncs.arcsinh`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.arcsinh.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.arcsinh) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.arcsinh()`. | | [`ufuncs.arctan`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.arctan.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.arctan) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.arctan()`. | | [`ufuncs.arctanh`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.arctanh.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.arctanh) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.arctanh()`. | | [`ufuncs.asin`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.asin.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.asin) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.asin()`. | | [`ufuncs.asinh`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.asinh.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.asinh) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.asinh()`. | | [`ufuncs.atan`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.atan.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.atan) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.atan()`. | | [`ufuncs.atanh`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.atanh.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.atanh) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.atanh()`. | | [`ufuncs.bitwise_count`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_count.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_count) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.bitwise_count()`. | | [`ufuncs.bitwise_invert`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_invert.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_invert) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.bitwise_invert()`. | | [`ufuncs.bitwise_not`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_not.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_not) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.bitwise_not()`. | | [`ufuncs.cbrt`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.cbrt.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.cbrt) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.cbrt()`. | | [`ufuncs.ceil`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.ceil.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.ceil) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.ceil()`. | | [`ufuncs.conj`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.conj.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.conj) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.conj()`. | | [`ufuncs.conjugate`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.conjugate.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.conjugate) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.conjugate()`. | | [`ufuncs.cos`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.cos.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.cos) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.cos()`. | | [`ufuncs.cosh`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.cosh.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.cosh) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.cosh()`. | | [`ufuncs.deg2rad`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.deg2rad.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.deg2rad) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.deg2rad()`. | | [`ufuncs.degrees`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.degrees.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.degrees) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.degrees()`. | | [`ufuncs.exp`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.exp.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.exp) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.exp()`. | | [`ufuncs.exp2`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.exp2.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.exp2) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.exp2()`. | | [`ufuncs.expm1`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.expm1.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.expm1) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.expm1()`. | | [`ufuncs.fabs`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.fabs.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.fabs) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.fabs()`. | | [`ufuncs.floor`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.floor.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.floor) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.floor()`. | | [`ufuncs.invert`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.invert.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.invert) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.invert()`. | | [`ufuncs.isfinite`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.isfinite.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.isfinite) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.isfinite()`. | | [`ufuncs.isinf`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.isinf.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.isinf) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.isinf()`. | | [`ufuncs.isnan`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.isnan.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.isnan) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.isnan()`. | | [`ufuncs.isnat`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.isnat.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.isnat) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.isnat()`. | | [`ufuncs.log`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.log.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.log) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.log()`. | | [`ufuncs.log10`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.log10.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.log10) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.log10()`. | | [`ufuncs.log1p`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.log1p.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.log1p) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.log1p()`. | | [`ufuncs.log2`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.log2.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.log2) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.log2()`. | | [`ufuncs.logical_not`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.logical_not.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.logical_not) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.logical_not()`. | | [`ufuncs.negative`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.negative.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.negative) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.negative()`. | | [`ufuncs.positive`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.positive.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.positive) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.positive()`. | | [`ufuncs.rad2deg`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.rad2deg.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.rad2deg) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.rad2deg()`. | | [`ufuncs.radians`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.radians.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.radians) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.radians()`. | | [`ufuncs.reciprocal`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.reciprocal.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.reciprocal) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.reciprocal()`. | | [`ufuncs.rint`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.rint.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.rint) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.rint()`. | | [`ufuncs.sign`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.sign.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.sign) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.sign()`. | | [`ufuncs.signbit`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.signbit.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.signbit) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.signbit()`. | | [`ufuncs.sin`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.sin.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.sin) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.sin()`. | | [`ufuncs.sinh`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.sinh.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.sinh) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.sinh()`. | | [`ufuncs.spacing`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.spacing.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.spacing) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.spacing()`. | | [`ufuncs.sqrt`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.sqrt.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.sqrt) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.sqrt()`. | | [`ufuncs.square`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.square.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.square) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.square()`. | | [`ufuncs.tan`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.tan.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.tan) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.tan()`. | | [`ufuncs.tanh`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.tanh.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.tanh) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.tanh()`. | | [`ufuncs.trunc`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.trunc.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.trunc) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.trunc()`. | | [`ufuncs.add`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.add.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.add) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.add()`. | | [`ufuncs.arctan2`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.arctan2.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.arctan2) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.arctan2()`. | | [`ufuncs.atan2`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.atan2.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.atan2) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.atan2()`. | | [`ufuncs.bitwise_and`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_and.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_and) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.bitwise_and()`. | | [`ufuncs.bitwise_left_shift`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_left_shift.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_left_shift) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.bitwise_left_shift()`. | | [`ufuncs.bitwise_or`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_or.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_or) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.bitwise_or()`. | | [`ufuncs.bitwise_right_shift`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_right_shift.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_right_shift) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.bitwise_right_shift()`. | | [`ufuncs.bitwise_xor`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_xor.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.bitwise_xor) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.bitwise_xor()`. | | [`ufuncs.copysign`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.copysign.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.copysign) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.copysign()`. | | [`ufuncs.divide`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.divide.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.divide) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.divide()`. | | [`ufuncs.equal`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.equal.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.equal) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.equal()`. | | [`ufuncs.float_power`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.float_power.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.float_power) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.float_power()`. | | [`ufuncs.floor_divide`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.floor_divide.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.floor_divide) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.floor_divide()`. | | [`ufuncs.fmax`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.fmax.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.fmax) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.fmax()`. | | [`ufuncs.fmin`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.fmin.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.fmin) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.fmin()`. | | [`ufuncs.fmod`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.fmod.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.fmod) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.fmod()`. | | [`ufuncs.gcd`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.gcd.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.gcd) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.gcd()`. | | [`ufuncs.greater`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.greater.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.greater) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.greater()`. | | [`ufuncs.greater_equal`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.greater_equal.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.greater_equal) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.greater_equal()`. | | [`ufuncs.heaviside`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.heaviside.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.heaviside) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.heaviside()`. | | [`ufuncs.hypot`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.hypot.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.hypot) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.hypot()`. | | [`ufuncs.lcm`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.lcm.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.lcm) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.lcm()`. | | [`ufuncs.ldexp`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.ldexp.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.ldexp) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.ldexp()`. | | [`ufuncs.left_shift`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.left_shift.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.left_shift) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.left_shift()`. | | [`ufuncs.less`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.less.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.less) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.less()`. | | [`ufuncs.less_equal`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.less_equal.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.less_equal) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.less_equal()`. | | [`ufuncs.logaddexp`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.logaddexp.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.logaddexp) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.logaddexp()`. | | [`ufuncs.logaddexp2`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.logaddexp2.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.logaddexp2) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.logaddexp2()`. | | [`ufuncs.logical_and`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.logical_and.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.logical_and) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.logical_and()`. | | [`ufuncs.logical_or`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.logical_or.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.logical_or) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.logical_or()`. | | [`ufuncs.logical_xor`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.logical_xor.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.logical_xor) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.logical_xor()`. | | [`ufuncs.maximum`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.maximum.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.maximum) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.maximum()`. | | [`ufuncs.minimum`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.minimum.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.minimum) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.minimum()`. | | [`ufuncs.mod`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.mod.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.mod) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.mod()`. | | [`ufuncs.multiply`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.multiply.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.multiply) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.multiply()`. | | [`ufuncs.nextafter`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.nextafter.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.nextafter) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.nextafter()`. | | [`ufuncs.not_equal`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.not_equal.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.not_equal) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.not_equal()`. | | [`ufuncs.pow`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.pow.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.pow) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.pow()`. | | [`ufuncs.power`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.power.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.power) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.power()`. | | [`ufuncs.remainder`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.remainder.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.remainder) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.remainder()`. | | [`ufuncs.right_shift`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.right_shift.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.right_shift) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.right_shift()`. | | [`ufuncs.subtract`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.subtract.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.subtract) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.subtract()`. | | [`ufuncs.true_divide`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.true_divide.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.true_divide) | xarray specific variant of `numpy.true_divide()`. | | [`ufuncs.angle`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.angle.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.angle) | xarray specific variant of [`numpy.angle()`](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.angle.html#numpy.angle). | | [`ufuncs.isreal`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.isreal.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.isreal) | xarray specific variant of [`numpy.isreal()`](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.isreal.html#numpy.isreal). | | [`ufuncs.iscomplex`](../generated/xarray.ufuncs.iscomplex.html.md#xarray.ufuncs.iscomplex) | xarray specific variant of [`numpy.iscomplex()`](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.iscomplex.html#numpy.iscomplex). |